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Recommended Reading List - General Health
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No.
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Title
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Author
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Publisher
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Spec pop
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Year
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1
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Minority Health Status in Adulthood: The middle years of life
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LaVeist, T. A.
Bowie, J. V.
Cooley-Quile, M.
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Health Care Financing Review, 21(4), 9-21.
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General
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2000
Summer
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The objective of this article is to describe the racial and ethnic differences in health status during the "middle years" of life. We use data from National Vital Statistics Reports (Hoyert, Kochanek, and Murphy, 1999) to estimate excess mortality among racial and ethnic minority groups for the leading causes of death among adults. Also discussed are the current state of scholarships in minority health and suggestions for future directions for research on racial and ethnic differences in health status.
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8
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Cultural Differences in End-of-life Care
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Vincent, J. L.
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Crit Care Med. 29(2 Suppl):N52-5.
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General
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2001
Feb
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The exact time of death for many intensive care unit patients is increasingly preceded by an end-of-life decision. Such decisions are fraught with ethical, religious, moral, cultural, and legal difficulties. Key questions surrounding this issue include the difference between withholding and withdrawing, when to withhold/withdraw, who should be involved in the decision-making process, what are the relevant legal precedents, etc. Cultural variations in attitude to such issues are perhaps expected between continents, but key differences also exist on a more local basis, for example, among the countries of Europe. Physicians need to be aware of the potential cultural differences in the attitudes not only of their colleagues, but also of their patients and families. Open discussion of these issues and some change in our attitude toward life and death are needed to enable such patients to have a pain-free, dignified death.
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11
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The Public's Health, Its National Identity and the Continuing Dilemma of Minority Status.
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Murray-Garcia, J.
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Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 10(4), 397-408
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General
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1999
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Racial and ethnic disparities, in health status are persistent phenomena well described in the arena of public health. Such disparities are perhaps best understood in their full social, political, and historical context. While recognizing the rich literature on social determinants of health, this paper provides a specific discussion of the status of "the minority" in the United States. The dynamic nature of the American identity is first presented, along with implications of differential health status. Next discussed are emerging paradigms in research and intervention that incorporate the dynamic nature of the American identity as both an explanation and an opportunity for remedy of health status disparities. Finally, a critical leadership role for the public health profession is proposed as urgently needed and as yet incompletely embraced.
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12
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Racial Differences in Prenatal Care Use in the United States: Are disparities decreasing?
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Alexander, G. R. Kogan, M. D. Nabukera, S.
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Am J Public Health, 92(12), 1970-5.
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General
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2002
Dec
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We examined trends and racial disparities (White and African American) in trimester of prenatal care initiation and adequacy of prenatal care utilization for US women and specific high-risk subgroups, e.g., unmarried, young, or less-educated mothers. METHODS: Data from 1981-1998 US natality files on singleton live births to US resident mothers were examined. RESULTS: Overall, early and adequate use of care improved for both racial groups, and racial disparities in prenatal care use have been markedly reduced, except for some young mothers. CONCLUSIONS: While improvements are evident, it is doubtful that the Healthy People 2000 objective for prenatal care will soon be attained for African Americans or Whites. Further efforts are needed to understand influences on and to address barriers to prenatal care.
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13
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Racial Differences in Predictors of Dental Care Use
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Gilbert, G.H.
Shah, G.R.
Shelton, B. J.
Heft, M.W.
Bradford, E. H.Jr
Chavers, L. S.
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Health Serv Res. 37(6), 1487-507
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General
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2002
Dec
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The purpose of this study is to test five hypotheses that non-Hispanic African Americans
(AAs) and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) differ in responsiveness to new dental symptoms by seeking dental care, and differ in certain predictors of dental care utilization. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Florida Dental Care Study, comprising AAs and NHWs 45 years old or older, who had at least one tooth, and who lived in north Florida. STUDY DESIGN: We used a prospective cohort design. The key outcome of interest was whether dental care was received in a given six-month period, after adjusting for the presence of certain time-varying and fixed characteristics. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: In-person interviews were conducted at baseline and 24 months after baseline, with six-monthly telephone interviews in between. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans were less likely to seek dental care during follow-up, with or without adjusting for key predisposing, enabling, and oral health need characteristics. African Americans were more likely to be problem-oriented dental
attenders, to be unable to pay an unexpected $500 dental bill, and to report postbaseline dental problems. However, the effect of certain postbaseline dental signs and symptoms on postbaseline dental care use differed between AAs and
NHWs. Although financial circumstance was predictive for both groups, it was more salient for NHWs in separate NHW and AA regressions. Frustration with past dental care, propensity to use a homemade remedy, and dental insurance were significant predictors among
AAs, but not among NHWs. The NHWs were much more likely to have sought care for preventive reasons. CONCLUSIONS: Racial differences in responsiveness to new dental symptoms by seeking dental care were evident, as were differences in other predictors of dental care utilization. These differences may contribute to racial disparities in oral health.
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15
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Race/Ethnic Differences in Health Care Use for Orofacial Pain among Older Adults.
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Riley, J. L. 3rd
Gilbert, G. H.
Heft, M. W.
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Pain. 100(1-2), 119-30.
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General
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2002
Nov
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The purpose of this study was to describe race/ethnic differences in the use of formal health care services for painful oral symptoms by older adults. We also considered the sex of the respondent rather than assuming that males and females within a specific racial group would use health care services similarly. To our knowledge, these specific utilization patterns have never been reported before in the pain literature. Telephone interviews were conducted on a stratified random sample of 1,636 community dwelling older (65+) north Floridians. A total of 5,860 households were contacted and screened, with 75.3% participating to the point where their eligibility for the study could be determined. Overall race/ethnic differences in patterns of health care use for orofacial pain were not found. However, when we stratified race/ethnicity by sex, Black females (37.6%) were the least likely to have visited a health care provider, followed by non-Hispanic White females (47.2%), non-Hispanic White males (49.3%), and Black males (62.7%). Point estimates of odds ratio, adjusting for financial differences, indicate that more non-Hispanic White males (OR=1.79) and Black males (OR=2.74) visited a health care provider than Black females. Our results also suggest that for older Black adults, financial constraints have a more significant impact on decisions about health care for orofacial pain than they do for non-Hispanic Whites. For non-Hispanic White respondents, characteristics of the pain symptoms were significant determinates of health care use for their painful oral symptoms. Pain at its worst was a positive predictor for four of the five analyses (jaw joint pain, painful oral sores, temperature sensitivity, and toothache pain). The duration variable (years with pain) was a negative predictor of health care use. This is consistent with the conclusion that individuals seek care early in the course of the symptom, i.e. an active care seeking phase, make emotional or physical adjustments, and then resign themselves to the symptoms.
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17
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Healthy Imaginations: A social history of the epidemiology of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health
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Brough, M.
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Med Anthropol. 20(1), 65-90.
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General
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2001
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It is difficult to imagine Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health without the powerful descriptors of epidemiology. The statistical imagery of numerical tables, pie charts, and bar graphs have become a key element in the public presentation of Indigenous public health issues. Such quantitative measurements of health draw on the authority of neutral, objective science and are thus rarely questioned in terms of their social meaning. This paper traces the history of this imagery through the 20th century, providing a social account of epidemiological description. Historical notions such as social Darwinism, assimilation, and dangerous other are all seen to be woven into the epidemiological text. The enormous rise in the epidemiological description of Indigenous health problems in recent years needs to be analyzed as a social phenomenon and, in particular, as an aspect of emerging forms of
governmentality. Finally, it is argued that such analyses are needed in order to promote an anthropology of epidemiology and to avoid limiting medical anthropology to applications within epidemiology.
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20
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Ethnicity-Related Variation in Breast Cancer Risk Factors
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Bernstein, L.
Teal, C.R.
Joslyn, S.
Wilson, J.
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Cancer. 97(1 Suppl), 222-9.
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General
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2003
Jan
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BACKGROUND: A variety of factors are predictors of breast cancer risk. However, the studies conducted to establish these risk factors have rarely included African American women. The few studies with sufficient numbers of African-American women suggest that risk factors for breast cancer among African-American women are similar to those of white women. Although risk factors may be similar for African-American and white women, differences in the prevalence of risk factors may explain the differences in patterns of incidence. METHODS: The authors reviewed the epidemiologic studies of breast cancer among African-American women and identified resources with information regarding the prevalence of risk factors among African American and white women. RESULTS: Considerable variation exists in the studies of breast cancer risk factors among African American women. Because few studies have included sufficient numbers of African-American women, no firm conclusions can be drawn regarding whether risk estimates for African American women differ from those of white women. Estimates of the prevalence of breast cancer risk factors indicate that African American and white women differ in terms of their ages at menarche, menstrual cycle patterns, birth rates, lactation histories, patterns of oral contraceptive use, levels of obesity, frequency of menopausal hormone use, physical activity patterns, and alcohol intake. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factor profile of African-American women appears to differ from that of white women. This may explain in part, the higher incidence rates for African Americans before age 45 years and the lower incidence rates at older ages. Discussions of these data at a workshop highlighted the need for future research on breast cancer risk among African Americans. This research should acknowledge the heterogeneous heritage, cultural beliefs, and cultural knowledge of African-American women. Studies conducted in collaboration with the African-American community of women and with the breast cancer advocacy community can benefit from assistance in the design of questionnaires and recruitment of participants.
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21
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Incorporating Multiculturalism into Oncology Nursing Research: The last decade
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Phillips, J.
Weekes, D.
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Oncol Nurs Forum. 29(5), 807-16.
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General
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2002
June
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PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To use the Oncology Nursing Society's cultural competence guidelines to review research studies conducted by oncology nurse researchers with racial and ethnic minorities and published in the Oncology Nursing Forum during 1990-2000. DATA SOURCES: Using selected key words (e.g., cultural competence, cultural diversity, multiculturalism, minorities, African American/Black American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander, Native American/Alaskan Natives) the authors identified 27 studies that met the inclusion criteria for review. Case studies, sponsored lectureships, review articles, commentaries, editorials, and the like were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS: Within the context of the cultural competence guidelines, the primary strengths included sufficient background information and literature to establish the existence of the problem in the targeted culture, use of conceptual and theoretical frameworks to guide the study, identification of salient study limitations, and recommendations for dissemination of the findings to a general audience. Limitations included discussion of culture beyond the background and literature review, consideration of potential ethical concerns the target population may have about the methods to be used, inclusion of racial and ethnic minorities in the design and implementation of the study, and implications for oncology nursing education. CONCLUSIONS: Although much has been gleaned from previous oncology nursing research published from 1990-2000, more fully incorporated content related to cultural competence is needed. This is needed particularly in studies specifically targeting racial and ethnic minority populations. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Including cultural competence when designing and reporting research has a greater potential to inform oncology nursing practice, design future research studies, strengthen existing nursing curricula, and help to shape health policy related to racial and ethnic minority populations. The Oncology Nursing Society Multicultural Outcomes: Guidelines for Cultural Competence provides guidance for enhancing the next generation of oncology nursing research with ethnically and culturally diverse populations.
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24
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Cancer and Men from Minority Ethnic Groups: An exploration of the literature
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Lees, S.
Papadopoulos, I.
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Eur J Cancer Care (Engl), 9(4), 221-9.
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General
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2000
Dec
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The authors reviewed literature which has been published in the last 20 years. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in developed countries and is expected to become a significant cause of death in developing countries. Whilst there are a large number of studies on cancer and men, there is a paucity of data on men from minority ethnic groups. In the USA, African Americans are more likely to develop cancer than any other ethnic group. Although cancer rates amongst minority ethnic groups in the UK are thought to be low, 11% of Indian and African men and 19% of Caribbean men died from cancer during 1979-1983. There is also further evidence in the USA that African American, Filipinos and Native Americans have the lowest cancer survival rates. Service utilization, especially tertiary care, is also thought to be low amongst minority ethnic groups from the USA and the UK. Reasons for these variations include
artefactual, cultural, materialist and social selectivist explanations as well as the effects of migration, racism and genetic disposition. This area is under-researched, in particular cultural beliefs about cancer. Further research into this area should apply culturally competent methods to ensure valid data to inform cancer policy, education and practice.
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